Includes bibliographical references.

Contents List of illustrations 10 List of abbreviations 13 Foreword Dr Andris Barblan, former Secretary General, Magna Charta Observatory 15 Historical background 1. Introduction 19 2. The Pre-Ottoman period 20 3. Higher Education in the Ottoman Empire 22 4. The Republican Period 4.1 The Single-Party Period: 1923-1950 29 4.2 The Democrat Party Period: 1950-1960 33 4.3 Expansion and Turmoil: 1960-1980 36 4.4 Radical Restructuring: 1981 to the Present 46 System Autonomy and Responsibility in a Modernising Society 1. The Growth since 1981: the current Size and Structure of the System 71 2. Financing Higher Education 78 3. Outputs of the System 84 4. Governance and Autonomy: an Evaluation 88 5- Concluding remarks on the Present Structure of Turkish Higher Education 99 Recommendations 130 a. by Kemal Gürüz 1. Basic Premises 130 2. Restructuring Vocational and Technical Education 134 3. From Secondary General Education to Higher Education 139 4. Enrolment Targets for 2025 and required Spending on Higher Education 141 5. The Governance of Higher Education 143 6. Miscellaneous 6.1 Reorganisation of Istanbul universities 146 6.2 Abolition of Part-Time Employment 146 6.3 Quality Assurance 149 6.4 Increasing Liberal Arts in Undergraduate Curricula 151 7. Concluding remarks 152 b. by Üstün Ergüder 155 1. The National Councils 1.1 The Council of Higher Education 159 1.2 The Rectors'Conference 163 1.3 The National Accreditation and Quality Agency 165 2. The Functions of the University 2.1 Education 169 2.2 Research 170 2.3 Social and Public Service 170 3. Institutional Autonomy and Academic Freedom 173 4. Diversification 177 5. Governance 181 6. Financial Structure 187 7. Academic and Administrative Staff 193 8. Quality Assurance and the University 195 9. University Access 196 10. Vocational Tertiary Education 201 Bibliography 207 Contributors 212 Magna Charta Observatory Publications 214